Ma ke kahua o ka hana pololei, ʻo ka manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau ʻo ia ka "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe = ikaika rigidity = kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe". ʻO ke kumu granite, me ka mānoanoa o 2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ no ka hao hao), ua loaʻa i kahi kikoʻī ma mua o nā micrometers a i ʻole nanometers. Ma hope o kēia hanana "counter-intuitive" aia ka synergy hohonu o ka mineralogy, mechanics a me nā ʻenehana hana. Hoʻopili ka mea ma lalo i kāna mau loina ʻepekema mai ʻehā mau ana nui.
1. Density ≠ Rigidity: ʻO ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā waiwai
ʻO ka "honeycomb maoli" hale aniani o ka granite
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Granite me nā kristal mineral e like me ka quartz (SiO₂) a me ka feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia e nā paʻa ionic/covalent, e hana ana i kahi ʻano honeycomb-like. Hāʻawi kēia hale i nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā:
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ikaika compressive me ka hao: hiki i 100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa no ka hao hina hina), akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka modulus elastic (70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa no ka hao), ʻo ia hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastik ma lalo o ka ikaika.
Hoʻokuʻu kūlohelohe o ke koʻikoʻi o loko: Ua hala ʻo Granite ma luna o nā haneli miliona mau makahiki o nā kaʻina hana honua, a ʻo ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o loko ke hoʻokokoke ʻole. Ke hoʻoluʻu ʻia ka hao hao (me ka helu hoʻomaha> 50 ℃/s), hoʻokumu ʻia ke koʻikoʻi kūloko e like me 50-100 mpa, pono e hoʻopau ʻia e ka annealing artificial. Inā ʻaʻole paʻa ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka wā hoʻohana lōʻihi.
2. ʻO ke ʻano metala "multi-defect" o ka hao
ʻO ka hao hoʻoheheʻe he hao-carbon alloy, a he mau hemahema kona e like me ka flake graphite, pores a me ka shrinkage porosity i loko.
Graphite fragmentation matrix: Ua like ka Flake graphite me nā "microcracks" o loko, e hoʻemi ana i ka 30% -50% i ka wahi haʻahaʻa maoli o ka hao. ʻOiai he kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika compressive, haʻahaʻa ka ikaika flexural (ʻo 1/5-1/10 wale nō o ka ikaika compressive), a hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kūloko.
Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe akā paʻa ʻole ka puʻunaue nui: ʻO ka hao hao he 2% a 4% kalapona. I ka wā o ka hoʻolei ʻana, hiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kalapona ke kumu i ka fluctuations density o ± 3%, ʻoiai ʻo ka granite ka like o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mineral ma mua o 95%, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kūpaʻa.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka pono kūpono o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: ʻelua kaohi ʻana i ka wela a me ka haʻalulu
ʻO ka "pono kūʻokoʻa" o ka mana deformation thermal
ʻOkoʻa loa ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela: ʻo ka granite he 0.6-5×10⁻⁶/℃, aʻo ka hao hao he 10-12×10⁻⁶/℃. E lawe i ke kumu 10-mika i laʻana. Ke hoʻololi ka mahana e 10 ℃ :
ʻO ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o Granite: 0.06-0.5mm
ʻO ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hao: 1-1.2mm
Hoʻololi kēia ʻokoʻa i ka granite kokoke i ka "zero deformation" i loko o kahi kaiapuni i mālama pono ʻia (e like me ± 0.5 ℃ i kahi hale hana semiconductor), aʻo ka hao hao e koi ai i kahi ʻōnaehana uku wela.
Thermal conductivity okoa: ʻO ka thermal conductivity o ka granite he 2-3W/(m · K), ʻo ia wale nō ka 1/20-1/30 o ka hao hao (50-80W/(m · K)). I nā ʻano hoʻomehana hoʻomehana (e like me ka hiki ʻana o ka wela o ka kaʻa i 60 ℃), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka gradient o ka ʻili o ka granite ma mua o 0.5 ℃/m, aʻo ka hao hao hiki ke piʻi i ka 5-8 ℃/m, e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻia o ka wahi a pili i ka pololei o ke ala alakaʻi.
2. ʻO ka hopena "kūlohelohe" o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka haʻalulu
ʻO ka hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ikehu palena o loko: ʻO ka micro-fractures a me ka paheʻe ʻana o ka palena palaoa ma waena o nā kristal granite hiki ke hoʻopau koke i ka ikehu vibration, me ka lakene damping o 0.3-0.5 (ʻoiai no ka hao hao he 0.05-0.1 wale nō). Hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua ma kahi haʻalulu o 100Hz:
He 0.1 kekona no ka popopo o ka amplitude o ka granite i 10%
He 0.8 kekona ka hao hao
ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa ka mea e hiki ai i ka granite ke hoʻopaʻa koke i nā mea hoʻoneʻe kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka 2m/s scanning o ke poʻo uhi), pale i ka hemahema o nā "vibration marks".
ʻO ka hopena hope o ka nuipaʻa inertial: ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka nuipaʻa i ka leo like, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika inertial (F=ma) a me ka manawa (p=mv) o ka ʻāpana neʻe. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka 10-mika granite gantry frame (ke kaupaona ʻana he 12 tons) i 1.5G i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi pahu hao (20 tons), e hoʻemi ʻia ka koi ikaika e 40%, hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena hoʻomaka, a hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka pololei o ke kūlana.
Iii. Breakthrough i "density-kūʻokoʻa" precision o ka hana 'enehana
1. Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana ultra-precision
"Crystal-level" mana o ka wili ana a me ka polishing: Oiai ka paakiki o ka granite (6-7 ma ka Mohs unahiʻole) i oi aku mamua o ko ka hao hoolei (4-5 ma ka Mohs unahiʻole), kona mineral hale ua like like a hiki ke atomically wehe ma daimana abrasive + magnetorheological polishing (hoʻokahi polishing mānoanoa <10nm), a hiki i ka 'ilikai roughness Ra2μ pae. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana palupalu graphite i ka hao, ʻoi aku ka "hopena furplough" i ka wā e wili ai, a paʻakikī ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili ma mua o Ra 0.8μm.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi "haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa" o ka CNC machining: I ka wā e hana ai i ka granite, ʻo ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana he 1/3 wale nō o ka hao hao (ma muli o kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka modulus elastic liʻiliʻi), e ʻae ana i ka wikiwiki rotational kiʻekiʻe (100,000 revolutions i kēlā me kēia minuke) a me nā uku hānai (5000mm / min), e hōʻemi ana i ka lole hana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono hana. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hihia mīkini ʻelima-axis ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka manawa hana o nā kumu kaʻa alakaʻi granite he 25% ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka hao, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pololei i ± 2μm.
2. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ka "hopena kumulative" o nā hewa hui
Hiki ke hoʻomāmā ʻia nā ʻāpana e like me nā kaʻa a me nā ala alakaʻi i hui pū ʻia me nā kumu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻemi ʻia ai ka mana o kahi kaʻa laina e 30%, hoʻemi ʻia kāna hana wela a me ka haʻalulu, e hana ana i kahi pōʻai maikaʻi o ka "hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei - hoʻemi ʻia ka ikehu hoʻemi".
ʻO ka paʻa paʻa ʻana o ka wā lōʻihi: ʻO ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka granite he 15 mau manawa o ka hao hoʻolei (kūʻē ka quartz i ka ʻakika a me ka erosion alkali). I loko o kahi semiconductor acid mist environment, hoʻololi ka roughness o ka ʻili ma hope o 10 mau makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma lalo o 0.02μm, ʻoiai pono e hoʻolei ʻia ka hao a hoʻoponopono ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka hewa kumulative o ± 20μm.
Iv. Hōʻike Hana Hana: ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ≠ hana haʻahaʻa
Nā lako hoʻāʻo semiconductor
ʻIkepili hoʻohālikelike o kekahi paepae nānā wafer:
2. ʻO nā mea hana ʻike pololei
Hana ʻia ka pahu ʻike infrared o ka NASA's James Webb Telescope me ka granite. ʻO ia ma ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (hoʻemi i ka uku satellite) a me ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (kūpaʻa i nā mahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o -270 ℃) e hōʻoia ʻia ai ka pololei o ka alignment optical nano-level, ʻoiai ke hoʻopau ʻia ka pilikia o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Ka hopena: "Counter-common sense" hou i ka ʻepekema waiwai
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi pololei o nā kumu granite e pili ana i ka lanakila loiloi waiwai o "ka hoʻohui like ʻana o ke ʻano, ka paʻa ʻana o ka haʻalulu wela> ka rigidity maʻalahi". ʻAʻole wale kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole i lilo i wahi nāwaliwali, akā ua loaʻa pū kekahi i ka lele ʻana i ka pololei ma o nā ana e like me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka inertia, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana wela, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana ultra-precision. Hōʻike kēia hanana i ke kānāwai koʻikoʻi o ka hana pololei: ʻo nā waiwai waiwai he kaulike piha o nā ʻāpana multi-dimensional ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili maʻalahi o nā hōʻailona hoʻokahi. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka nanotechnology a me ka hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā mea granite kiʻekiʻe e wehewehe hou ana i ka ʻike ʻoihana o ka "kaumaha" a me ka "māmā", "paʻa" a me ka "maʻalahi", e wehe ana i nā ala hou no ka hana kiʻekiʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2025