He aha ka mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho?

Amīkini ana hoʻonohonohoʻO (CMM) kahi mea hana e ana i ke ʻano o nā mea kino ma o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiko ʻokoʻa ma luna o ka mea me kahi probe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano probe like ʻole i nā CMM, me ka mechanical, optical, laser, a me ke kukui keʻokeʻo. Ma muli o ka mīkini, hiki ke hoʻomalu lima ʻia ke kūlana probe e kahi mea hoʻohana a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia e ke kamepiula. Hoʻākāka pinepine nā CMM i ke kūlana o kahi probe ma ke ʻano o kona neʻe ʻana mai kahi kūlana kuhikuhi i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho Cartesian ʻekolu-dimensional (ʻo ia hoʻi, me nā axes XYZ). Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka probe ma nā axes X, Y, a me Z, ʻae pū nā mīkini he nui i ke kihi probe e hoʻomalu ʻia e ʻae i ke ana ʻana o nā ʻili i hiki ʻole ke hiki.

ʻO ka CMM "alahaka" 3D maʻamau e ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o ka probe ma nā axes ʻekolu, ʻo X, Y a me Z, he orthogonal kekahi i kekahi i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho Cartesian ʻekolu-dimensional. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia axis kahi sensor e nānā ana i ke kūlana o ka probe ma kēlā axis, maʻamau me ka pololei micrometer. Ke hoʻopili ka probe (a i ʻole ʻike ʻia) kahi wahi kikoʻī ma ka mea, hoʻāʻo ka mīkini i nā sensor kūlana ʻekolu, no laila e ana ana i kahi o hoʻokahi kiko ma ka ʻili o ka mea, a me ka vector 3-dimensional o ke ana i lawe ʻia. Hana hou ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e like me ka mea e pono ai, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka probe i kēlā me kēia manawa, e hana i kahi "ao kiko" e wehewehe ana i nā wahi ʻili o ka hoihoi.

ʻO kahi hoʻohana maʻamau o nā CMM i nā kaʻina hana hana a me nā kaʻina hana hōʻuluʻulu e hoʻāʻo i kahi ʻāpana a hōʻuluʻulu paha e kūʻē i ka manaʻo hoʻolālā. I loko o ia mau noi, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ao kiko i kālailai ʻia ma o nā algorithms regression no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau kiko ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe i kau lima ʻia e kahi mea hoʻohana a i ʻole ma o Direct Computer Control (DCC). Hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia nā DCC CMM e ana pinepine i nā ʻāpana like; no laila he ʻano loea kūikawā kahi CMM automated o ka robot ʻoihana.

Nā ʻāpana

ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana nui o nā mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho:

• ʻO ke ʻano nui e komo pū ana me ʻekolu mau koʻi o ka neʻe ʻana. Ua ʻokoʻa nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i ke kiʻikuhi neʻe i nā makahiki. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Granite a me ke kila i nā CMM mua. I kēia lā, kūkulu nā mea hana CMM nui i nā kiʻikuhi mai ka alumini alloy a i ʻole kekahi derivative a hoʻohana pū i ka keramika e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ke koʻi Z no nā noi scan. He kakaikahi nā mea kūkulu CMM i kēia lā e hana mau nei i ka granite frame CMM ma muli o ke koi mākeke no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka metrology dynamics a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke ʻano e hoʻokomo iā CMM ma waho o ka lab maikaʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā mea kūkulu CMM haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā mea hana kūloko ma Kina a me India ke hana mau nei i ka granite CMM ma muli o ke ʻano ʻenehana haʻahaʻa a me ke komo maʻalahi e lilo i mea kūkulu kiʻikuhi CMM. ʻO ke ʻano e piʻi nei i ka scanning e koi pū i ka CMM Z axis e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā mea hou e like me ka ceramic a me ka silicon carbide.
• ʻŌnaehana hoʻāʻo
• ʻŌnaehana hōʻiliʻili a me ka hōʻemi ʻikepili - maʻamau e komo pū me kahi mea hoʻokele mīkini, kamepiula pākaukau a me nā polokalamu noi.

Loaʻa

Hiki i kēia mau mīkini ke kū kūʻokoʻa, paʻa lima a lawe lima hoʻi.

Pololei

ʻO ka pololei o nā mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho e hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu kānalua e like me ka hana ma luna o ka mamao. No kahi CMM e hoʻohana ana i kahi probe pā, pili kēia i ka hana hou ʻana o ka probe a me ka pololei o nā unahi linear. Hiki i ka hana hou ʻana o ka probe maʻamau ke hopena i nā ana o loko o .001mm a i ʻole .00005 ʻīniha (hapalua hapaʻumi) ma luna o ka nui ana holoʻokoʻa. No nā mīkini 3, 3+2, a me 5 axis, hoʻoponopono mau ʻia nā probes me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana traceable a hōʻoia ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana e hōʻoia i ka pololei.

Nā ʻāpana kikoʻī

Kino mīkini

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka CMM mua e ka Ferranti Company o Scotland i nā makahiki 1950 ma muli o ka pono pololei e ana i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī i kā lākou huahana koa, ʻoiai he 2 mau koʻi wale nō kēia mīkini. Ua hoʻomaka nā hiʻohiʻona 3-axis mua i ka makahiki 1960 (DEA o Italia) a ua hoʻomaka ka mana kamepiula i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970 akā ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka CMM hana mua a kūʻai ʻia e Browne & Sharpe ma Melbourne, ʻEnelani. (Ua hana ʻo Leitz Kelemania ma hope mai i kahi ʻano mīkini paʻa me ka papa neʻe.

I loko o nā mīkini hou, ʻelua mau wāwae o ke ʻano gantry a ua kapa pinepine ʻia he alahaka. Neʻe manuahi kēia ma ka papa ʻaina granite me kekahi wāwae (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ka wāwae o loko) ma hope o kahi ala alakaʻi i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka papa granite. Hoʻomaha wale ka wāwae ʻē aʻe (ʻo ka wāwae o waho pinepine) ma luna o ka papa granite e hahai ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili kū pololei. ʻO nā bearings ea ke ʻano i koho ʻia no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hele ʻole ʻana o ka friction. I loko o kēia mau mea, ua koi ʻia ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o kahi moʻo o nā lua liʻiliʻi loa i loko o kahi ʻili pālahalaha e hāʻawi i kahi uluna ea maʻalahi akā i kāohi ʻia kahi e hiki ai i ka CMM ke neʻe ma ke ʻano kokoke i ka friction ʻole hiki ke uku ʻia ma o ka polokalamu. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ke alahaka a i ʻole gantry ma ka papa ʻaina granite e hana i hoʻokahi axis o ka mokulele XY. Aia i loko o ke alahaka o ka gantry kahi kaʻa e hele ana ma waena o nā wāwae o loko a me waho a hana i ka axis ʻē aʻe X a i ʻole Y. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kolu o ka axis o ka neʻe ʻana (axis Z) e ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi quill kū pololei a i ʻole spindle e neʻe ana i luna a i lalo ma waena o ke kaʻa. Hoʻokumu ka probe pā i ka mea ʻike ma ka hopena o ka quill. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā koʻi X, Y a me Z e wehewehe piha ana i ke ʻano o ka envelope ana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā papa wili koho e hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ka probe ana i nā ʻāpana hana paʻakikī. ʻAʻole hoʻonui ka papa wili ma ke ʻano he axis drive ʻehā i nā ana ana, e mau ana he 3D, akā hāʻawi ia i kahi kekelē o ka maʻalahi. ʻO kekahi mau probes pā he mau mea wili i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka piko probe hiki ke wili pololei ma o 180 degere a ma o ka wili piha 360 degere.

Loaʻa nā CMM i kēia manawa i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe like ʻole. ʻO kēia mau mea me nā lima CMM e hoʻohana ana i nā ana angular i lawe ʻia ma nā hono o ka lima e helu ai i ke kūlana o ka piko stylus, a hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia me nā probes no ka nānā ʻana i ka laser a me ke kiʻi optical. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēlā mau CMM lima kahi e pono ai ko lākou lawe ʻana ma mua o nā CMM moe paʻa kuʻuna - ma ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi i ana ʻia, hiki i ka polokalamu papahana ke hoʻoneʻe i ka lima ana ponoʻī, a me kona nui ana, a puni ka ʻāpana e ana ʻia i ka wā o ke ana ʻana. Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā lima CMM i ka maʻalahi o ka lima kanaka, hiki iā lākou ke hiki i loko o nā ʻāpana paʻakikī i hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini axis ʻekolu maʻamau.

ʻŌmole mīkini

I nā lā mua o ke ana hoʻonohonoho (CMM), ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā probes mechanical i loko o kahi mea paʻa kūikawā ma ka hopena o ka quill. Hana ʻia kahi probe maʻamau ma ke kuʻi ʻana i kahi pōpō paʻakikī i ka hopena o kahi ʻauamo. He kūpono kēia no ke ana ʻana i kahi ākea o ka helehelena pālahalaha, cylindrical a i ʻole spherical. Ua wili ʻia nā probes ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano kikoʻī, no ka laʻana he quadrant, e hiki ai ke ana i nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā. Ua paʻa kino ʻia kēia mau probes e kūʻē i ka workpiece me ke kūlana ma ka hakahaka e heluhelu ʻia mai kahi heluhelu kikohoʻe 3-axis (DRO) a i ʻole, i nā ʻōnaehana holomua, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi kamepiula ma o kahi footswitch a i ʻole kahi mea like. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia nā ana i lawe ʻia e kēia ʻano hoʻopili ʻana no ka mea ua neʻe ʻia nā mīkini ma ka lima a ua hoʻopili kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana mīkini i nā nui like ʻole o ke kaomi ma ka probe a i ʻole ua hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ke ana ʻana.

ʻO kahi hoʻomohala hou aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā motika no ka hoʻokele ʻana i kēlā me kēia axis. ʻAʻole pono nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻopā kino i ka mīkini akā hiki ke hoʻokele i kēlā me kēia axis me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu lima me nā joysticks ma ke ʻano like me nā kaʻa mamao o kēia wā. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka pololei o ke ana ʻana me ka hana ʻana o ka probe hoʻopā uila. ʻO David McMurtry ka paionia o kēia mea probe hou nāna i hoʻokumu i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Renishaw plc i kēia manawa. ʻOiai he mea hoʻopili nō naʻe, he stylus pōpō kila puna (ma hope he pōpō ruby). I ka hoʻopā ʻana o ka probe i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka stylus a hoʻouna pū i ka ʻike hoʻonohonoho X,Y,Z i ke kamepiula. Ua emi iho nā hewa ana i hana ʻia e nā mea hoʻohana pākahi a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kahua no ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā hana CNC a me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā CMM.

ʻO nā probes optical he mau ʻōnaehana lens-CCD, kahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e like me nā mea mechanical, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia i kahi o ka hoihoi, ma kahi o ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka mea. E hoʻopuni ʻia ke kiʻi i hopu ʻia o ka ʻili i loko o nā palena o kahi puka aniani ana, a hiki i ka lawa ʻana o ke koena e hoʻohālikelike ai ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo. Hiki ke helu ʻia ke piʻo mahele i kahi kiko, ʻo ia ke kiko ana i makemake ʻia ma ka lewa. ʻO ka ʻike ākea ma ka CCD he 2D (XY) a ʻo ke kūlana kū pololei ke kūlana o ka ʻōnaehana probing piha ma ke kū Z-drive (a i ʻole kekahi ʻāpana hāmeʻa ʻē aʻe).

Ke nānā ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana probe

Aia nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe me nā probes e huki ana ma ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana e lawe ana i nā kiko i nā manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia, i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā probes scanning. ʻOi aku ka pololei o kēia ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o CMM ma mua o ke ʻano pā-probe maʻamau a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka manawa.

ʻO ka hanauna hou o ka scanning, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka noncontact scanning, nona ka wikiwiki o ka laser single point triangulation, ka laser line scanning, a me ka white light scanning, ke holomua wikiwiki nei. Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i nā kukuna laser a i ʻole ke kukui keʻokeʻo i hoʻolele ʻia i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana. A laila hiki ke lawe ʻia nā tausani o nā kiko a hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale no ka nānā ʻana i ka nui a me ke kūlana, akā no ka hana ʻana i kiʻi 3D o ka ʻāpana. A laila hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia kēia "ʻikepili point-cloud" i ka polokalamu CAD e hana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike 3D hana o ka ʻāpana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau scanner optical ma nā ʻāpana palupalu a palupalu paha a i ʻole e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻenekinia hoʻohuli.

Nā probes Micrometrology

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana probing no nā noi metrology microscale kekahi wahi e kū mai ana. Aia kekahi mau mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho i loaʻa i ke kālepa (CMM) i loaʻa kahi microprobe i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana, kekahi mau ʻōnaehana kūikawā ma nā keʻena hoʻokolohua aupuni, a me kekahi helu o nā kahua metrology i kūkulu ʻia e ke kulanui no ka metrology microscale. ʻOiai he maikaʻi kēia mau mīkini a ma nā hihia he nui nā kahua metrology maikaʻi loa me nā unahi nanometric, ʻo ko lākou palena mua he probe micro/nano hilinaʻi, paʻa, hiki.^{[pono ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi]}ʻO nā pilikia no nā ʻenehana probing microscale e pili ana i ka pono no kahi probe ratio kiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke komo i nā hiʻohiʻona hohonu a haiki me nā ikaika pili haʻahaʻa i ʻole e hōʻino i ka ʻili a me ke kiko kiʻekiʻe (pae nanometer).^{[pono ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi]}Eia kekahi, hiki i nā probes microscale ke maʻalahi i nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni e like me ka haʻahaʻa a me nā pilina o ka ʻili e like me ke kuʻi ʻana (i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka adhesion, meniscus, a/a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mana Van der Waals a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).^{[pono ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi]}

ʻO nā ʻenehana e hoʻokō ai i ka probing microscale e komo pū me ka mana i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia o nā probes CMM maʻamau, nā probes optical, a me kahi probe nalu kū i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui liʻiliʻi ʻia nā ʻenehana optical o kēia manawa e ana i ka hiʻohiʻona hohonu a haiki, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻonā optical e ka nalu o ka mālamalama. Hāʻawi ke kiʻi X-ray i kahi kiʻi o ka hiʻohiʻona akā ʻaʻohe ʻike metrology hiki ke hahai ʻia.

Nā loina kino

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā probes optical a/a i ʻole nā ​​​​probes laser (inā hiki ke hui pū ʻia), kahi e hoʻololi ai i nā CMM i nā microscope ana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mīkini ana multi-sensor. ʻAʻole i kapa ʻia nā ʻōnaehana projection fringe, nā ʻōnaehana triangulation theodolite a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻōnaehana laser mamao a me nā ʻōnaehana triangulation he mau mīkini ana, akā like ka hopena ana: he kiko ākea. Hoʻohana ʻia nā probes laser e ʻike i ka mamao ma waena o ka ʻili a me ke kiko kuhikuhi ma ka hopena o ke kaulahao kinematic (ʻo ia hoʻi: ka hopena o ka ʻāpana Z-drive). Hiki i kēia ke hoʻohana i kahi hana interferometrical, ka loli o ke kiko, ka deflection kukui a i ʻole ke kumumanaʻo shadowing beam.

Nā mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho lawe lima

ʻOiai ʻo nā CMM kuʻuna e hoʻohana ana i kahi probe e neʻe ana ma nā koʻi Cartesian ʻekolu e ana i nā ʻano kino o kahi mea, hoʻohana nā CMM lawe lima i nā lima articulated a i ʻole, i ke ʻano o nā CMM optical, nā ʻōnaehana scan lima ʻole e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano triangulation optical a hiki i ke kūʻokoʻa piha o ka neʻe ʻana a puni ka mea.

ʻEono a ʻehiku paha koʻi o nā CMM lawe lima me nā lima i hoʻopili ʻia i lako me nā encoders rotary, ma kahi o nā koʻi linear. He māmā nā lima lawe lima (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 20 paona) a hiki ke lawe ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei nā CMM optical i ka ʻoihana. Hoʻolālā ʻia me nā kāmela linear a matrix array paha (e like me Microsoft Kinect), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā CMM optical ma mua o nā CMM lawe lima me nā lima, ʻaʻohe uea, a hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke lawe maʻalahi i nā ana 3D o nā ʻano mea āpau i loaʻa ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau.

ʻO kekahi mau noi hana ʻole e like me ka ʻenekinia hoʻohuli, ka hana prototyping wikiwiki, a me ka nānā nui ʻana o nā ʻāpana o nā nui āpau he kūpono loa ia no nā CMM lawe lima. He nui nā pono o nā CMM lawe lima. Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana ka maʻalahi i ka lawe ʻana i nā ana 3D o nā ʻano ʻāpana āpau a ma nā wahi mamao loa/paʻakikī. He maʻalahi lākou e hoʻohana a ʻaʻole pono i kahi kaiapuni i kāohi ʻia e lawe i nā ana pololei. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai o nā CMM lawe lima ma mua o nā CMM kuʻuna.

ʻO nā kūkaʻi kūlohelohe o nā CMM lawe lima he hana lima (pono mau lākou i ke kanaka e hoʻohana iā lākou). Eia kekahi, hiki i ko lākou pololei holoʻokoʻa ke emi iki ka pololei ma mua o ke ʻano CMM alahaka a ʻaʻole kūpono no kekahi mau noi.

Nā mīkini ana multisensor

Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka ʻenehana CMM kuʻuna e hoʻohana ana i nā probes pā me nā ʻenehana ana ʻē aʻe i kēia lā. Hoʻokomo pū kēia me nā mea ʻike laser, wikiō a i ʻole keʻokeʻo e hāʻawi i ka mea i ʻike ʻia he ana multisensor.