Nūhou - He aha ke ʻano o nā granite?

He aha ke ʻano o nā granite?

GraniteʻO ia ka pōhaku komo maʻamau i loko o ka ʻili honua o ka Honua, ua kamaʻāina ia he pōhaku hoʻonaninani poni, keʻokeʻo, hina, a ʻeleʻele. He ʻano coarse- a medium-grained. ʻO kāna mau minelala nui ʻekolu he feldspar, quartz, a me ka mica, i loaʻa ma ke ʻano he muscovite kālā a i ʻole biotite ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua. ʻO kēia mau minelala, ʻo feldspar ka mea nui, a ʻo ka quartz ka mea maʻamau no ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 pakeneka. He poni pinepine nā feldspar alkali, e hopena ana i ka granite poni i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he pōhaku hoʻonaninani. Hoʻopili ʻia ka Granite mai nā magmas waiwai silica i nā mile ka hohonu i loko o ka ʻili o ka Honua. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā waihona mineral he nui kokoke i nā kino granite crystallizing mai nā hopena hydrothermal a kēlā mau kino e hoʻokuʻu ai.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

Ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o QAPF o nā pōhaku plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), ua wehewehe ʻia ke kahua granite e ka hoʻohui modal o ka quartz (Q 20 - 60%) a me ka lakio P/(P + A) ma waena o 10 a me 65. Aia ke kahua granite i ʻelua mau kahua liʻiliʻi: syenogranite a me monzogranite. ʻO nā pōhaku wale nō e puka ana i loko o ka syenogranite i manaʻo ʻia he granites i loko o ka palapala Anglo-Saxon. Ma ka palapala ʻEulopa, ua kapa ʻia nā pōhaku e puka ana i loko o ka syenogranite a me ka monzogranite he granites. Aia ka monzogranite sub-field i loko o ka adamellite a me ka quartz monzonite i nā hoʻokaʻawale kahiko. Manaʻo ka Subcommission for Rock Cassification i ka hōʻole hou ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo adamellite a e kapa i ka quartz monzonite wale nō nā pōhaku e puka ana i loko o ke kahua quartz monzonite sensu stricto.

Ka Hoʻohui Kemika

ʻO ka awelika honua o ka haku mele kemika o ka granite, ma ka pakeneka kaumaha,

ma muli o 2485 mau loiloi:

SiO2 72.04% (silica)
Al2O3 14.42% (alumina)
K2O 4.12%
Na2O 3.69%
CaO 1.82%
FeO 1.68%
Fe2O3 1.22%
MgO 0.71%
TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Aia mau ia me nā minelala quartz a me feldspar, me a ʻole paha he nui nā minelala ʻē aʻe (nā minelala kōkua). Hāʻawi ka quartz a me ka feldspar i ka granite i kahi kala māmā, mai ka poni a i ke keʻokeʻo. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēlā kala hope māmā e nā minelala kōkua ʻeleʻele. No laila, he ʻano "paʻakai a me ka pepa" ka granite maʻamau. ʻO nā minelala kōkua maʻamau ka biotite mica ʻeleʻele a me ka amphibole hornblende ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau pōhaku he igneous (ua paʻa ia mai kahi magma) a me ka plutonic (ua hana ʻia pēlā i loko o kahi kino nui, i kanu hohonu ʻia a i ʻole pluton). ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā hua i loko o ka granite - ʻo kona nele i ka lole - he hōʻike ia o kona kumu plutonic. Hiki i ka pōhaku me ka haku mele like me ka granite ke hana ma o ka metamorphism lōʻihi a ikaika o nā pōhaku sedimentary. Akā, he lole ikaika kēlā ʻano pōhaku a ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo granite gneiss.

Ka nui + Kiko heheʻe

ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ia mea ma waena o 2.65 a me 2.75 g/cm3, ʻo kona ikaika compressive maʻamau ma luna o 200 MPa, a ʻo kona viscosity kokoke i STP he 3–6 • 1019 Pa·s. ʻO ka mahana hoʻoheheʻe he 1215–1260 °C. He haʻahaʻa kona permeability mua akā ikaika ka permeability lua.

Ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka Pōhaku Granite

Loaʻa ia ma nā plutons nui ma nā ʻāina nui, ma nā wahi i ʻino nui ʻia ai ka ʻili o ka Honua. He mea kūpono kēia, no ka mea, pono e paʻa mālie ka granite ma nā wahi i kanu hohonu ʻia e hana i nā hua mineral nui. ʻO nā plutons liʻiliʻi ma mua o 100 kilomika kuea ka nui i kapa ʻia he mau waihona, a ʻo nā mea nui aʻe i kapa ʻia he batholiths. Puka nā pele ma ka Honua holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka pele me ka haku mele like me ka granite (rhyolite) e puka wale mai ana ma nā ʻāina nui. ʻO ia hoʻi, pono e hana ʻia ka granite ma ka heheʻe ʻana o nā pōhaku ʻāina nui. Hana ʻia kēlā no ʻelua kumu: hoʻohui i ka wela a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā volatiles (wai a i ʻole carbon dioxide a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua). He wela iki nā ʻāina nui no ka mea aia ka hapa nui o ka uranium a me ka potassium o ka honua, ka mea e hoʻomehana ai i ko lākou puni ma o ka palaho radioactive. Ma nā wahi āpau i mānoanoa ai ka ʻili e wela i loko (no ka laʻana ma ka Tibetan Plateau). A ʻo nā kaʻina hana o nā tectonics plate, ʻo ka subduction nui, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā magmas basaltic e piʻi aʻe ma lalo o nā ʻāina nui. Ma waho aʻe o ka wela, hoʻokuʻu kēia mau magmas i ka CO2 a me ka wai, kahi e kōkua ai i nā pōhaku o nā ʻano āpau e heheʻe i nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o ka magma basaltic i lalo o kahi ʻāina nui ma ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo underplating. Me ka hoʻokuʻu mālie ʻana o ka wela a me nā wai mai kēlā basalt, hiki i ka nui o ka ʻili ʻāina nui ke lilo i granite i ka manawa like.

Ma hea ia e loaʻa ai?

A hiki i kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ua loaʻa wale ia ma ka Honua e like me ka nui ma nā ʻāina āpau e like me kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻili ʻāina. Loaʻa kēia pōhaku i nā puʻu liʻiliʻi, e like me ka waihona ma lalo o 100 km², a i ʻole i loko o nā batholiths he ʻāpana o nā pae mauna orogenic. Me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a me nā pōhaku sedimentary, ma ke ʻano maʻamau e hana i ka pali lalo o ka honua. Loaʻa pū kekahi i nā lacolites, nā ʻauwaha a me nā paepae. E like me ka haku mele granite, ʻo nā ʻano pōhaku ʻē aʻe he alpids a me pegmatites. ʻO nā mea hoʻopili me ka nui o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ka mea i loaʻa ma nā palena o nā hoʻouka granite. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pegmatites granular ma mua o ka granite e kaʻana like i nā waihona granite.

Nā Hoʻohana Granite

Ua kūkulu ko ʻAigupita kahiko i nā pyramids mai nā granite a me nā pōhaku limestone.
ʻO nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe ma ʻAigupita kahiko he mau kolamu, nā lintels puka, nā sills, nā moldings a me ka uhi paia a me ka papahele.
ʻO Rajaraja Chola ʻO ka ʻAhahui Chola ma India Hema, i ke kenekulia 11 AD ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tanjore ma India, i hana i ka luakini mua o ka honua i hana ʻia me ka granite. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Luakini ʻo Brihadeeswarar, i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no Lord Shiva, i ka makahiki 1010.
Ma ka Emepaea Roma, ua lilo ka granite i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā mea kūkulu hale a me ka ʻōlelo hoʻolālā hale nui.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he pōhaku nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma luna o nā ʻōpala, he pōhaku pono ia ma muli o kona ʻano e ʻae i ka paʻakikī a me ka ʻālohilohi a me ka poli e hāpai i nā kaumaha maopopo.
Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o nā wahi o loko no nā papa granite i hoʻopili ʻia, nā tile, nā noho, nā papahele tile, nā paepae alapiʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona pono a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe.

Hou

Hoʻohana ʻia no nā pōhaku kupapaʻu a me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo.
Hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana papahele.
Ua hoʻohana maʻamau nā ʻenekinia i nā papa ʻili granite i poli ʻia e hana i ka mokulele kuhikuhi no ka mea he impermeable lākou a ʻaʻole maʻalahi.

Hana ʻana o ka Granite

Ua eli ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kala ʻē mai nā waihona granite ma Brazil, India, Kina, Finland, ʻApelika Hema a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. He hana nui kēia eli pōhaku a he hana nui hoʻi. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana granite mai nā waihona ma o ka ʻoki ʻana a i ʻole ka pīpī ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki kūikawā e ʻoki i nā ʻāpana i unuhi ʻia mai ka granite i loko o nā pā lawe lima, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia a lawe ʻia e nā lawelawe kaʻaahi a i ʻole nā lawelawe hoʻouna. ʻO Kina, Brazil a me India nā mea hana granite alakaʻi ma ka honua.

Hopena

ʻO ka pōhaku i kapa ʻia ʻo "granitite ʻeleʻele" he gabbro maʻamau ia nona kahi ʻano kemika ʻokoʻa loa.
ʻO ia ka pōhaku nui loa ma ka ʻili ʻāina o ka Honua. Ma nā wahi nui i ʻike ʻia he batholiths a ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāina nui i ʻike ʻia he pale kaua e loaʻa ana ma ke kikowaena o nā wahi mauna he nui.
Hōʻike nā kristal mineral e hoʻomaʻalili mālie ana ia mai ka pōhaku i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka honua a he manawa lōʻihi kona e pono ai.
Inā hōʻike ʻia ka granite ma ka ʻili o ka Honua, ʻo ke kumu ia o ka piʻi ʻana o nā pōhaku granite a me ka ʻino ʻana o nā pōhaku sedimentary ma luna.
Ma lalo o nā pōhaku sedimentary, aia nā granite, nā granite metamorphosed a i ʻole nā pōhaku pili ma lalo o kēia uhi. Ma hope aku ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau pōhaku basement.
ʻO nā wehewehe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka granite e alakaʻi pinepine i ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ka pōhaku a i kekahi manawa e hoʻoulu ai i ka huikau. I kekahi manawa he nui nā wehewehe i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻEkolu mau ala e wehewehe ai i ka granite.
Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kahi papa maʻalahi ma luna o nā pōhaku, me nā minelala granite, mica a me amphibole, he pōhaku magmatic ʻālohilohi, māmā, i haku nui ʻia me ka feldspar a me ka quartz.
E wehewehe ka loea pōhaku i ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka pōhaku, a ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā loea i ka granite e ʻike i ka pōhaku ke ʻole ia e hālāwai me kahi pakeneka o nā minelala. Hiki iā lākou ke kapa iā ia he granite alkaline, granodiorite, pegmatite a i ʻole aplite.
ʻO ka wehewehena kālepa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ia he mau pōhaku granular i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka granite. Hiki iā lākou ke kapa i ka granite o gabro, basalt, pegmatite, gneiss a me nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe he nui.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia he "pōhaku nui" hiki ke ʻoki ʻia i kekahi mau lōʻihi, laulā a me nā mānoanoa.
He ikaika ka Granite e kū i ka hapa nui o nā ʻūlū ʻana, nā kaumaha nui, kū i nā kūlana o ke aniau a ʻae i nā varnish. He pōhaku makemake nui ʻia a pono hoʻi.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka granite ma mua o ke kumukūʻai no nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ke kanaka no nā papahana, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hanohano i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohuli i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma muli o kona nani, kūpaʻa a me ka maikaʻi.