Nūhou - He aha ke ʻano o nā granite?

He aha ke ʻano o nā granite?

GraniteʻO ia ka pōhaku intrusive maʻamau i loko o ka ʻōpala ʻāina o ka Honua, Ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia e like me ka pōhaku ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo, hina, a ʻeleʻele hoʻi.He ʻano koʻikoʻi a i waena.ʻO kāna mau minela koʻikoʻi ʻekolu he feldspar, quartz, a me ka mica, kahi e like me ka muscovite kala a i ʻole biotite ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua.ʻO kēia mau minela, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka feldspar, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka quartz ma mua o 10 pakeneka.He ʻulaʻula pinepine ka alkali feldspars, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka granite ʻulaʻula i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i pōhaku hoʻonaninani.Hoʻomoe ʻia ka Granite mai nā magmas waiwai nui o ka silica i mau mile ka hohonu o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua.Nui nā waihona kola ma kahi kokoke i ka crystallizing granite kino mai ka hydrothermal solutions i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ia mau kino.

Hoʻokaʻawale

Ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o QAPF o nā pōhaku plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), ua wehewehe ʻia ka māla granite e ka haku mele o ka quartz (Q 20 - 60 %) a me ka ratio P / (P + A) ma waena o 10 a me 65. ʻO ka māla granite he ʻelua mau ʻāpana: syenogranite a me monzogranite.ʻO nā pōhaku wale nō e hana ana i loko o ka syenogranite i manaʻo ʻia he granite ma ka palapala Anglo-Saxon.Ma ka palapala ʻEulopa, ua kapa ʻia nā pōhaku i loko o ka syenogranite a me ka monzogranite he granite.Aia ka sub-field monzogranite i ka adamellite a me ka quartz monzonite i nā papa kahiko.Ke paipai nei ka Subcommission for Rock Cassification i ka hōʻole hou ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo adamellite a e kapa ʻia ʻo ka quartz monzonite wale nō nā pōhaku e kū ana i loko o ka quartz monzonite field sensu stricto.

Hoʻohui Kimia

ʻO ka awelika honua o ka haku mele ʻana o ka granite, ma ka pākēneka kaumaha,

ma muli o 2485 mau anaana:

SiO2 72.04% (silika)
Al2O3 14.42% (alumina)
K2O 4.12%
Na2O 3.69%
CaO 1.82%
FeO 1.68%
Fe2O3 1.22%
MgO 0.71%
TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Loaʻa mau ʻia nā minelala quartz a me feldspar, me ka ʻole a i ʻole ka nui o nā minerala ʻē aʻe (nā minerala kōkua).Hāʻawi ka quartz a me ka feldspar i ka granite i ke kala māmā, mai ka ʻulaʻula a keʻokeʻo.Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā kala ʻulaʻula e nā minerala mea ʻeleʻele.No laila, he "paʻakai-a-pepa" ka granite maʻamau.ʻO nā minela kōkua maʻamau ka mica biotite ʻeleʻele a me ka hornblende amphibole ʻeleʻele.Aneane keia mau pohaku a pau he igneous (ua paʻa ia mai ka pelemaka) a me ka plutonic (hana ia i loko o ke kino nui, kanu hohonu a pluton paha).ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā ʻōpala i loko o ka granite-ʻo kona nele i ka lole-he hōʻike ia o kona kumu plutonic.Hiki ke hana ʻia ka pōhaku me ke ʻano like me ka granite ma o ka metamorphism lōʻihi a ikaika o nā pōhaku sedimentary.Akā, he lole ikaika kēlā ʻano pōhaku a ua kapa ʻia ʻo granite gneiss.

ʻAnoʻeleʻele + Lae heheʻe

ʻO ka mānoanoa awelika o ia mea ma waena o 2.65 a me 2.75 g/cm3, ʻo kona ikaika compressive maʻamau aia ma luna o 200 MPa, a ʻo kona viscosity kokoke i STP he 3-6 • 1019 Pa·s.He 1215–1260 °C ka mahana hehee.He ʻino ka permeability mua akā ikaika ka permeability lua.

Ka Pohaku Granite

Loaʻa ia ma nā pluton nui ma nā ʻāina, ma nā wahi i hoʻopau nui ʻia ka ʻōpala o ka Honua.Maikaʻi kēia, no ka mea, pono e hoʻopaʻa mālie ka granite ma nā wahi kanu hohonu e hana ai i nā ʻōpala mineral nui.Ua kapa ʻia nā pluton ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 100 mau kilomika square he stocks, a ua kapa ʻia nā mea nui he batholiths.Huhu ka Lava ma ka Honua a pau, akā, ʻo ka pele me ke ʻano like me ka granite (rhyolite) e hū wale ana ma nā ʻāina.ʻO ia hoʻi, pono e hana ʻia ka granite ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā pōhaku continental.Loaʻa ia no nā kumu ʻelua: hoʻohui i ka wela a hoʻohui i nā volatiles (wai a i ʻole carbon dioxide a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua).He wela loa nā ʻāina no ka mea aia i loko o lākou ka hapa nui o ka uranium a me ka potassium o ka honua, nāna e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ko lākou puni ma o ka palaho radioactive.Ma nā wahi a pau e mānoanoa ai ka ʻōpala e wela i loko (e like me ka Tibetan Plateau).A ʻo nā kaʻina hana o ka plate tectonics, ka nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā magmas basaltic e piʻi aʻe ma lalo o nā ʻāina.Ma waho aʻe o ka wela, hoʻokuʻu kēia mau pelemaka i ka CO2 a me ka wai, e kōkua ana i nā pōhaku o nā ʻano āpau e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.Manaʻo ʻia he nui ka pelemaka basaltic e hiki ke hamo ʻia i lalo o ka ʻāina ma kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo underplating.Me ka hoʻokuʻu lohi ʻana o ka wela a me nā wai mai kēlā basalt, hiki i ka nui o ka ʻōpala ʻāina ke huli i ka granite i ka manawa like.

Aia ma hea?

I kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia aia ma ka Honua wale nō ka nui o nā ʻāina āpau ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻāina.Loaʻa kēia pōhaku ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻāpana he emi ma lalo o 100 km², a i ʻole i loko o nā batholiths he ʻāpana o nā pae mauna orogenic.Me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a me nā pōhaku sedimentary, ma ke ʻano he kumu ma lalo o ka ʻāina.Loaʻa ia ma nā lacolites, nā auwaha a me nā paepae.E like me ka haku mele, ʻo nā ʻano pōhaku ʻē aʻe he mau alpid a me nā pegmatites.ʻO nā mea hoʻopili me ka nui o nā ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā palena o nā hoʻouka granitic.ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pegmatites granular ma mua o ka granite e kaʻana like i nā waihona pōhaku.

Hoʻohana Granite

Ua kūkulu ka poʻe ʻAigupita kahiko i nā pyramid mai nā granite a me nā limestones.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe ma ʻAigupita kahiko ʻo ia nā kolamu, nā lintels puka, nā sills, nā moldings a me ka pā a me ka uhi papahele.
ʻO Rajaraja Chola ʻO ka Chola Dynasty ma India Hema, i ka makahiki 11 AD ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tanjore ma India, ua hana ʻo ia i ka luakini mua o ka honua i ka granite.Ua kūkulu ʻia ka luakini ʻo Brihadeeswarar, i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Lord Shiva, ma 1010.
I loko o ke aupuni Roma, ua lilo ka granite i mea nui o ka hale a me ka ʻōlelo hoʻolālā monumental.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he pōhaku nui.Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma luna o nā abrasions, ua lilo i pōhaku pono ma muli o kona ʻano e ʻae i ka paʻakikī a me ka ʻālohilohi a me ka poli e lawe i nā kaupaona ʻike.
Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o nā wahi i loko no nā papa pōhaku poli i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, nā tile, nā noho, nā papa tile, nā alapiʻi a me nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Hou

Hoʻohana ʻia no nā pōhaku kupapaʻu a me nā monuments.
Hoʻohana ʻia no ka papahele.
Ua hoʻohana maʻamau ka poʻe ʻenekinia i nā papa pōhaku poli poni e hana i ka mokulele kuhikuhi no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke maʻalahi.

Hana o Granite

ʻIke ʻia ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kala exotic i loaʻa mai nā waihona granite ma Brazil, India, Kina, Finland, South Africa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.ʻO kēia ʻeli pōhaku he kaʻina hana nui a me ka hana.Wehe ʻia nā ʻāpana granite mai nā waihona ma o ka ʻoki ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hana.Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea paʻi kūikawā e ʻoki i nā ʻāpana granite-extracted i loko o nā pā paʻa, a laila hoʻopili ʻia a lawe ʻia e ke kaʻaahi a i ʻole nā lawelawe moku.ʻO Kina, Brazil a me India nā mea hana nui i ka honua.

Ka hopena

ʻO ka pōhaku i kapa ʻia ʻo "granate ʻeleʻele" ʻo ia ka gabbro nona kahi ʻano kemika ʻokoʻa loa.
ʻO ia ka pōhaku nui loa ma ka ʻāina ʻāina ʻāina.Ma nā wahi nui i kapa ʻia ʻo batholiths a ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo nā pale i loaʻa i ke kumu o nā wahi mauna he nui.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kristal koʻikoʻi e maʻalili mālie mai ka mea pōhaku i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka honua a pono ka manawa lōʻihi.
Inā hōʻike ʻia ka pōhaku pōhaku ma ka ʻili o ka Honua, ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā pōhaku pōhaku a me ka ʻai ʻana o nā pōhaku sedimentary ma luna.
Ma lalo o nā pōhaku sedimentary, granite, metamorphosed granite a i ʻole nā pōhaku pili ma lalo o kēia uhi.Ua kapa ʻia lākou ma hope he pōhaku lalo.
ʻO nā wehewehe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka granite e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pōhaku a i kekahi manawa e huikau.I kekahi manawa nui nā wehewehe i hoʻohana ʻia.ʻEkolu mau ala e wehewehe ai i ka granite.
ʻO kahi papa maʻalahi ma nā pōhaku, me nā minerale granite, mica a me amphibole, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia he pōhaku koʻikoʻi, māmā, magmatic ka nui o ka feldspar a me ka quartz.
Na kekahi loea pōhaku e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka pōhaku, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe akamai ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i ka granite no ka ʻike ʻana i ka pōhaku ke ʻole ʻo ia e hālāwai me kekahi pākēneka o nā minerala.Hiki iā lākou ke kapa iā ia he granite alkaline, granodiorite, pegmatite a i ʻole aplite.
ʻO ka wehewehe pāʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku i kapa ʻia he pōhaku granular i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka granite.Hiki iā lākou ke kapa i ka granite o gabro, basalt, pegmatite, gneiss a me nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau i wehewehe ʻia he "pōhaku nui" hiki ke ʻoki ʻia i kekahi mau lōʻihi, ākea a me nā mānoanoa.
He ikaika ka Granite no ka pale ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā abrasions, nā paona nui, pale i nā kūlana o ka wā a ʻae i nā varnish.He pohaku i makemake nui ia.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka granite ma mua o ke kumukūʻai no nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ke kanaka no nā papahana, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hanohano i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohuli i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma muli o kona nani, paʻa a me ka maikaʻi.